| 1. | Calculation of cycles, thermodynamic and thermal properties of working substances.
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| 2. | A refrigeration device passes a working substance through successive stages, overall constituting a cycle.
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| 3. | The working substance generates work in the " work by exploiting the properties of the working substance.
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| 4. | Both zoom in on how unethical it is ( or isn't ) to prescribe a non-working substance.
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| 5. | The working substance generates work in the " work by exploiting the properties of the working substance.
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| 6. | A heat " source " generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the high temperature state.
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| 7. | It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature.
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| 8. | The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.
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| 9. | They are not classical heat engines since they expel the working substance, which is also the combustion product, into the surroundings.
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| 10. | In 1824 Sadi Carnot described a thermodynamic system as the "'working substance "'( such as the volume of steam ) of any heat engine under study.
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